N-Trivia |
- Methods of Heat Loss in Newborns
- Cluster B Personality Disorders
- Components of a Therapeutic Relationship
- Cluster A Personality Disorders
- Dexamethasone
| Methods of Heat Loss in Newborns Posted: 17 Jan 2011 02:40 PM PST
Overview The maintenance of body temperature at birth or thermoregulation is assumed by infants. Neonates must produce and maintain enough heat to prevent cold stress. Cold stress can have serious and even fatal effects to the neonates. Why are newborns more prone to losing heat? Several features predispose a newborn to lose heat. The following characteristics are:
Methods of Heat Loss
When wet surfaces are exposed to the air evaporation occurs. Heat is lost when the surface dries. At birth the neonate is bathed with amniotic fluid. As the amniotic fluid dries up on the infant's skin (evaporation), the infant loses heat. The same occurs in bathing an infant. Ways to prevent heat loss by evaporation:
When a neonate comes in direct contact with an object cooler than their skin heat loss by conduction occurs. Heat loss by conduction occurs when an infant is placed on a cooler surface or touching them with a cool object or hands. Ways to prevent heat loss by conduction:
When heat is transferred to the air surrounding the infant heat loss by convection takes place. If an air conditioner is kept on or when people move around near the infant increase loss of heat occurs. Ways to prevent heat loss by convection:
The transfer of heat to cooler objects that are not in direct contact with the neonate is called the heat loss by radiation. When infants are placed near cold windows or walls heat is lost by radiation. Even neonates placed in incubators losses heat to the walls of the incubator if it is cold even if the surrounding air temperature is warm. Ways to prevent heat loss by radiation:
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| Cluster B Personality Disorders Posted: 17 Jan 2011 01:59 PM PST
Definition Personality Disorders are characterized by inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that significantly interfere in how a person perform, behave or act within the society. Categories The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) categorizes personality disorders into clusters based on the major or identifying symptom. CLUSTER A: people with odd and eccentric behavior. CLUSTER B: people who are dramatic, emotional and erratic. CLUSTER C: people who appear anxious and fearful. Cluster B: Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern of violation and disregard for the rights of others, deceit and manipulation Clinical Manifestations:
Borderline personality disorder is the most common personality disorder found in clinical settings. This disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern of unstable relationships, self image, affect and has marked impulsivity. It is more common in females than in males. Self-mutilation injuries such as cutting or burning are noted in this type of personality disorder. Clinical manifestations:
A person with a narcissistic personality disorder shows a persistent pattern of grandiosity either in fantasy or behavior, a need for admiration and a lack of empathy. Clinical Manifestations:
Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors are pervasive patterns noted in people with a histrionic personality disorder. Clinical manifestations:
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| Components of a Therapeutic Relationship Posted: 16 Jan 2011 11:47 PM PST
Therapeutic Relationship One of the most important skills of a nurse is developing the ability to establish a therapeutic relationship with clients. For interventions to be successful with clients in a psychiatric facility and in all nursing specialties it is crucial to build a therapeutic relationship. Crucial components are involved in establishing a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship and the communication within it which serves as the underpinning for treatment and success. It is essential for a nurse to know and understand these components as it explores the task that should be accomplish in a nurse-client relationship and the techniques that a nurse can utilize to do so. TRUST Without trust a nurse-client relationship would not be established and interventions won't be successful. For a client to develop trust, the nurse should exhibit the following behaviors:
GENUINE INTEREST Another essential factor to build a therapeutic nurse-client relationship is showing a genuine interest to the client. For the nurse to do this, he or she should be open, honest and display a congruent behavior. Congruence only occurs when the nurse's words matches with her actions. EMPATHY For a nurse to be successful in dealing with clients it is very essential that she empathize with the client. Empathy is the nurse's ability to perceive the meanings and feelings of the client and communicate that understanding to the client. It is simply being able to put oneself in the client's shoes. However, it does not require that the nurse should have the same or exact experiences as of the patient. Empathy has been shown to positively influence client outcomes. When the nurse develops and utilizes this ability, clients tend to feel much better about themselves and more understood. Some people confuse empathizing with sympathizing. To establish a good nurse-patient relationship, the nurse should use empathy not sympathy. Sympathy is defined as the feelings of concern or compassion one shows for another. By sympathizing, the nurse projects his or her own concerns to the client, thus, inhibiting the client's expression of feelings. To better understand the difference between the two, let's take a look at the given example. Client's statement: "I am so sad today. I just got the news that my father died yesterday. I should have been there, I feel so helpless." Nurse's Sympathetic Response: "I know how depressing that situation is. My father also died a month ago and until now I feel so sad every time I remember that incident. I know how bad that makes you feel." Nurse's Empathetic Response: "I see you are sad. How can I help you?" When the nurse expresses sympathy for the client, the nurse's feelings of sadness or even pity could influence the relationship and hinders the nurse's abilities to focus on the client's needs. The emphasis is shifted from the client's to the nurse's feelings thereby hindering the nurse's ability to approach the client's needs in an objective manner. In dealing with clients their interest should be the nurse's greatest concern. Thus, empathizing with them is the best technique as it acknowledges the feelings of the client and at the same time it allows a client to talk and express his or her emotions. Here a bond can be established that serves as a foundation for the nurse-client relationship. Related posts:
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| Cluster A Personality Disorders Posted: 16 Jan 2011 11:26 PM PST
Definition Personality Disorders are characterized by inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that significantly interfere in how a person perform, behave or act within the society. Diagnosis A personality disorder is diagnosed when a person exhibits deviation on the following areas:
Categories The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) categorizes personality disorders into clusters based on the major or identifying symptom. CLUSTER A: people with odd and eccentric behavior. CLUSTER B: people who are dramatic, emotional and erratic. CLUSTER C: people who appear anxious and fearful. Cluster A: Personality Disorders
People with a paranoid personality disorder are characterized by an overly suspicious and mistrustful behavior. Clinical Manifestations:
People who are showing a pervasive pattern of social relationship detachment and a limited range of emotional expression in the interpersonal settings falls under this type of personality disorder. Clinical Manifestations:
Schizoid and schizotypal personality disorder are both characterized by pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits, however, the latter is noted with cognitive and perceptual distortions and behavioral eccentricities. Clinical Manifestations:
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| Posted: 16 Jan 2011 11:24 PM PST
Brand Name: Cortastat, Dalalone, Decadrol, Decaject, Deronil, Dexacorten, Dexameth, Dexasone, Dexone, Hexadrol, Primethasone, Solurex Classification: Long- acting corticosteroid Indications
Mechanism of Action Dexamethasone suppresses inflammation and the normal immune response. It prevents the release of substances in the body that causes inflammation. Contraindications
Use Cautiously in:
Side Effects
Adverse reactions If these signs and symptoms will be noted instruct the patient to call or notify the physician immediately.
Route and Dosage Cerebral Edema PO (Adults): 2 mg q 8-12 hours IM, IV (adults): 10 mg initially IV, 4 mg q 6 hr, may be decreased to 2 mg q 8-12 hr, then change PO. Adrenocortical Insufficiency/Anti-inflammatory PO (Adults): 0.5-9 mg daily in single or divided doses PO (children): 23.3 mcg/kg in 3 divided doses. IV (Adults): 0.5-24 gm/day IM (Adults): 8-16 mg q 1-3 wk Nursing Interventions
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