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December 2010 Nursing Board Exam Results
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Blood Chemistry Overview
Treponema Pallidium

December 2010 Nursing Board Exam Results

Posted: 04 Jan 2011 06:45 PM PST

To all nursing examinees who are anxiously waiting for the result of the recently concluded nursing licensure exam held last December 2010, here’s how you can get updated.

Bookmark This Page

This page will be updated as soon as we get a copy of the December 2010 Nursing Board Exam Results. Nursing Crib is one of the few nursing websites here in the Philippines that deliver the results ON TIME. We boast a 95% success rate of delivering the results upfront. To bookmark this page, press CTRL + D.

Feel free to share your experience as well on the examination itself through our comment section.

Facebook

With almost 100,000 likes (still counting) and a healthy number of fans and friends that constantly update the facebook page of Nursing Crib, this will also be the best place to get recent news about the December 2010 Nursing Board Exam. You can also use the Facebook comments below to discuss anything about the past December 2010 NLE.

Twitter

Occasionally we will be sending out tweets that we feel valuable for the upcoming December 2010 nursing Board Exam Result. Our Twitter page will be the best site to get mini updates direct from the PRC.

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E-mail

Old fashion as you may say but a lot of people still prefer to be notified through their e-mail about the Nursing Licensure Examination. Just type in your e-mail address and hit the subscribe button. Don’t forget to confirm your subscription.

AM Radio Station

Last time around, Carl Balita through his radio program Radyo Negosyo in DZMM 630 broke the news about the July 2010 Nursing Board Exam. Just tune in every Saturday at 7:00 to 8:00 PM for Radyo Negosyo, hosted by Carl Balita and Chinkee Tan. This is also a good resource on how can you be a successful entrepreneur.

Listen to DZMM 630

Chlamydia Trachomatis

Posted: 04 Jan 2011 04:39 PM PST

Human beings are natural hosts for chlamydia trachomatis virus. It inhabits the eyes, vagina,cervix, penis, urethra and anus. It is transmitted by contact with fomites such as towels; through hand-and-mouth contact from an infected eye to an uninfected eye; through vectors such as flies; through sexual intercourse and passage in birth canal with active infection (for newborns). Chlamydia Trachomatis infects the eyes, genitals and the respiratory system.

Trachoma

It is an ancient eye disease which is begins with acute inflammatory changes in the conjunctiva and cornea and progresses to scarring then leads to blindness. The infection is transmitted through vectors such as host flies which are spread through its bite. Endemic trachoma is treated with azithromycin. It is prevented through frequent face and hand washing, good hygiene, and clean environment (which decrease the occurrence of host flies responsible for spreading the disease).

Lymphogranuloma Venereum

C. Trachomatis causes sexually transmitted diseases. This is an uncommon sexually transmitted disease which involves the lymph glands of the genital area and is transmitted via sexual contact. The disease undergoes 3 phases:

1. There is the spread of infection in the blood, spinal fluid and other tissues which goes with fever, chills, and anorexia. Then painless ulcers start to appear which is frequently overlooked.

2. Appearance of inguinal lymphadenopathy is visible after the vesicular lesions have been healed which leads to the development of "bubos" (inflamed lymph nodes especially in the groin area). These bubos often grow bilateral and are very painful to some patients. These contain infected and purulent materials that must be aspirated.

3. Non destructive elephantiasis of the labia and the clitoris then follow in females and elephantiasis in penis and scrotum of males are also possible.

Other signs and symptoms which may be present to the patient are as follows: in female we have the vaginal bleeding between menstrual periods and post coital; painful coitus; dysuria; urinary urgency; fever; yellowish discharge from the cervix having foul odor; and cervical inflammation. In men we have the pus or milky discharges in the penis; dysuria and swollen testicles. In both sexes, bleeding rectum may also be a possible sign of C. Trachomatis infection. Newborns of infected mothers delivered via normal delivery are often infected with such disease.

The use of sulfonamides and tetracycline proved to give satisfying results when used in early stages. Late stages of the disease requires surgery as it treatment.

Respiratory Tract Involvement with C. Trachomatis

Newborns that are infected by the mother often have the 20% chances of developing respiratory infection due to C. Trachomatis. This is the common cause of pneumonia in infected newborns. Symptoms often manifested by newborns include: tachypnea, paroxysmal cough and eosinophilia. Systemic erythromycin is used to treat in severe cases.

Nursing Considerations

Nurses especially those working in social hygiene clinics should conduct health classes to their clients in order for them to know what C. Trachomatis is all about and how it is prevented. Nurses should have the convincing power to influence clients with active infection to submit themselves and their partners for medical treatment. Influencing clients is done through presenting the truth behind the infection and how it can cause further harm to the body. The nurse should also advocate the use mechanical contraceptives such as condoms during coitus. Good hygiene should be emphasized to clients and clients with active infection should never share towels or other personal things with those household members that do not have the infection.

Photo credits: www.romedicale.ro

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Blood Chemistry Overview

Posted: 04 Jan 2011 04:38 PM PST

Blood Chemistry

Is the chemical composition of the blood.
This is done to assess a wide range of conditions and the function of organs.
Usually it check the electrolytes, the minerals that help keep the body’s fluid levels in balance, and are necessary to help the muscles, heart, and other organs work properly.
Levels of various substances in the blood can provide clues to a patient’s condition, ranging from the presence of a liver disorder to a pregnancy.

Sodium

Plays a major role in regulating the amount of water in the body.
Low level can be caused by loss of sodium through diarrhea or vomiting.
High level can be caused by intake of too much salt or not enough water.

Potassium

Essential to regulate how the heart beats.
Low levels can be caused by use of diuretics, low dietary intake, severe vomiting or diarrhea, certain medications, alcohol abuse, and other medical conditions. It can cause muscle weakness and heart problems.
High levels can be caused by having kidney problems and excessive intake of potassium supplement.

Chloride

Helps maintain a balance of fluids in the body.
Changes in the chloride level are usually associated with changes in the sodium level; when one goes up the other goes down and vice versa.
When there is too much or too little acid in the blood, chloride is an important clue that helps doctors determines the cause of the acid abnormality.

Bicarbonate

Prevents the body’s tissues from getting too much or too little acid.
The kidney and lungs balance the levels of bicarbonate in the body.
If bicarbonate levels are too high or low, it might indicate a problem with those organs.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A measure of how well the kidneys are working.
A waste product produced when proteins are broken down in the liver and excreted by the kidney.
Dehydration and blood loss can cause a high BUN level.
Low BUN level might indicate liver ailments, a low protein diet, or too much water intake.

Creatinine

Is a waste product that is formed when food is converted to energy and when muscles are injured.
Men have higher values than women because they have more muscle mass.
High levels of creatinine often mean that the kidneys are not doing a good job of clearing waste products and toxins from the blood.

Glucose

Is the main type of sugar in the blood.
Is the chief source of energy for all living organisms and, as such, is very important for a healthy body.
High glucose levels after 12 hours of fasting is consistent with diabetes.

Treponema Pallidium

Posted: 04 Jan 2011 03:48 PM PST

Treponema Pallidium is also known as Pale bacillus or Corkscrew bacillus. It is a spirochete that lives in mucus membranes of the throat, tongue, lips, breast, skin, blood and most especially in genitalia. It enters the body through the mouth and genitalia through oral sex, and coitus. Incubation period of the T. palladium is within 3 weeks. This spirochete is easily killed on exposure to saponin, distilled water, soap and disinfectant.

Treponema Pallidium is the primary cause as to why Syphillis exist. Syphillis can either be acute or chronic infection described by presence of primary lesions, secondary eruption of the skin and mucus membranes and followed by a latent period where late lesions are found in the skin, internal organs, central nervous system and the heart. Syphillis can be divided into two: the acquired syphilis and congenital syphilis.

Acquired syphilis

This infection is usually transmitted through sexual contact and infectious lesions of the skin, mucus membrane and genitals. This is also transmitted extragenitally through kissing, and blood transfusion. The disease undergoes 4 stages:

Incubation Stage – The spirochetes multiply locally at the site of entry and spread through nearby lymphnodes. The first sign of infection is the development of papule which breaks down and becomes an ulcer with a clean hard base known as hard "chancre." Chancres develop on sites where it is involved in the sexual act such as lips, tongues and breast.

Primary Stage- This is the stage where the disease becomes highly contagious because the chancre contains many germs. T. pallidium is now present in the ulceration but there is no obvious signs and symptoms present. Lymph nodes during this stage are enlarged.

Secondary Stage- Contagious lesions may recur within 3-5 years post infectious phase. Appearance of pink macules in the skin often in palms and soles is present. Spotty loss of hair and mucus patches on lips, vulva and glans penis is possible. Following this stage is a latent period where there are no signs and symptoms presented but to some, they proceed to the tertiary stage.

Tertiary Stage- This follows the secondary stage after 20 years. This is characterized by the formation of granulomatous lesions or gumma (firm yellowish white central focus surrounded by fibrous tissues).

Congenital Syphillis

This is a condition where a mother with syphilis transmits the T. palladium to fetus through the placenta beginning in the 10^th to 15^th weeks of gestation. Some infected fetus die in the womb while others through a miscarriage. There are those born alive with the symptoms of the infection. Proper treatment of the mother during pregnancy prevents the occurrence of congenital syphilis.

Syphillis is treated with massive doses of Penicillin and Tetracyclines. It is controlled through treatment of the disease and frequent check up to the physician if you suspect your partner has one. Chemical prophylaxis of antibiotics is usually indicated after exposure to the disease.

Nursing Consideration

In taking care of patients with syphilis, nurses should wear gloves when handling any material that has touched the patient's lesions. Strict hand washing should be implemented between care and the nurse should educate the patient' folks to observe strict hygiene and never use the materials that have been used by the patient. Proper referral to doctors of the patient's sexual partner so as to examine the presence of disease in him. Use of condom and washing of the genitalia after exposure is a part of sex hygiene that the nurse must educate to clients in social hygiene clinics.

Photo credits: www.nlm.nih.gov